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American Negroin World War1 E J Scott |
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"The purpose is to help the old to remember and the young to understand."
SCOTT'S OFFICIAL HISTORY
OF
THE AMERICAN NEGRO
IN THE WORLD WAR
BY
EMMETT J. SCOTT, AM., LL.D.
Special Adjutant to Secretary of War
Author of "Tuskegee and Its People," "Is Liberia Worth Saving?" and
co-Author of "Booker T. Washington, Builder of a Civilization"
Secretary of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. Eighteen years
PRIVATE SECRETARY TO THE LATE BOOKER T. WASHINGTON
A Complete and Authentic Narration, from Official Sources, of the Participation Of
AMERICAN SOLDIERS OF THE NEGRO RACE
in the
WORLD WAR FOR DEMOCRACY
Profusely Illustrated
With Official Photographs
A Full Account of the War Work Organization of Colored Men and Women
and other Civilian Activities including the Red Cross, the Y.M.C.A, the Y.W.C.A. and the War Camp Community Service
With Official Summary of Treaty of Peace and
League of Nations Covenant
Prefaced with Highest Tributes to the American Negro
by
HON. NEWTON D. BAKER, Secretary of War
GEN. JOHN J. PERSHING, Commander-in-Chief, American Exp. Forces.
and the late
COL. THEODORE ROOSEVELT
Copyright. 1919, by Emmett J. Scott.
PHOTOGRAPHS USED IN THIS VOLUME ARE COPYRIGHTED
BY
Underwood & Underwood, Paul Thompson, E, L. Snyder; Baker Art
Gallery; Western Newspaper Union; Scurlock;, Committee on
Public Information; Beresford Studio; Emmett J. Scott;
War Camp Community Service; Canfield & Shook;
Webb Studio; International Film
Service; and others
All rights reserved.
TO
MY WIFE AND CHILDREN
TO WHOSE LOVE AND INSPIRATION
I OWE SO MUCH.
Table of Contents
A. ----AUTHOR'S PREFACE
B. ----LOYALTY AND DEMOCRACY OF THE NEGRO, BY SECRETARY BAKER
C. ----TRIBUTE TO THE NEGRO SOLDIER, BY GENERAL PERSHING
D. ----THE NEGRO'S PART IN THE WAR, BY THEODORE ROOSEVELT
CHAPTER I. ----HOW THE GREAT WAR CAME TO AMERICA
The Underlying Causes of the War---Racial Hatreds and National Enmities ---Germany's Ambition, to Rule the World---The Gathering of the War Clouds---Germany's Attempt to Stir Up Trouble Between the United States and Mexico---Events that Led to America's Participation In the War.
CHAPTER II. ----THE CALL TO THE COLORS
Negro Troops that Were Ready When War Was Declared---The Famous 9th And 10thCavalry, U. S. Army---The 24th and' 25th. Infantry-National Guard Units of Colored Troops---The 8th Illinois---The 15th New York---National Guard Units of Ohio, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Maryland, and Tennessee---First Separate Battalion of the District of Columbia---How All of These Responded to the Call.
CHAPTER III. ----OFFICIAL RECOGNITION OF THE NEGRO'S INTEREST
Appointment of Emmett J. Scott as Special Assistant to the Secretary of War---Difficulties Encountered In Establishing the Negro's Status---Opportunities Afforded for Effective Work on Behalf of Negro Soldiers---Better Opportunities for Negro Officers, Soldiers, Nurses, Surgeons, and Others Obtained Through This Official Connection.
CHAPTER IV. ----THE WORK OF THE SPECIAL ASSISTANT
Guarding the Interests of Negro Soldiers and Civilians---Promoting a Healthy Morale---Cases of Alleged Discrimination Against Negro Draftees---The Edward Merchant Case---The John D. Wray Case---How Justice Was Secured---A War Department Inquiry---Training of Colored Officers.
CHAPTER V. ----THE NEGRO IN THE NATIONAL ARMY
Selective Service Law the Most Complete Recognition of the Citizenship ---Of the Negro, North and South---All the Duties and Responsibilities of Patriots Imposed Upon the Negro by the Draft Act---Tribute by the Provost Marshall General to the Colored Soldier---Assignment of Negro Draftees to Cantonments.
CHAPTER VI. ----A CRITICAL SITUATION IN THE CAMPS
Race Problems that Had to be Solved---Fear of the Southern Whites that Trouble Would Follow the Training of Negro Troops In the South--- Situation Complicated by the Houston Riot---Protest of the Governor of South Carolina---Dr. Scott Called to Spartanburg, S. C. to Allay Trouble There---How the Negro Soldier Finally Won the Respect and Confidence of the South.
CHAPTER VII. ----COLORED OFFICERS AND HOW THEY WERE TRAINED
First Officers' Training Camp for Colored Men at Fort Des Moines--- Iowa Major J. E; Spingarn's Fight for the Establishment of This Camp---Methods Of Training Reserve Officers---Negro Educational Institutions Furnish Personnel---Seven Hundred Colored Officers Commissioned at Fort Des Moines.
CHAPTER VIII. ----TREATMENT OF NEGRO SOLDIERS IN CAMP
Men from the South Sent to Northern Camps to Face a Hard Winter---Attempts at Discrimination Against Negro Soldiers and Officers-Firm Stand of the Secretary of War Against Race Discrimination---General Ballou's "Bulletin No. 35"---Members of Draft Boards Dismissed for Discrimination Against the Race.
CHAPTER IX. ----EFFORTS TO IMPROVE CONDITIONS.
Secretary Baker and the Trying Situation at Camp Lee, Virginia---Reports on Investigations at Numerous Camps---Improved Conditions Brought About Gradually---The Case of Lieutenant Tribbett and Similar Cases of Race Prejudice.
CHAPTER X. ----NEGRO SOLDIERS OF FRANCE AND ENGLAND
French Colored Colonials the First Black Soldiers to Take Part In the War---The Story of These Senegalese Fighters---Their Important Part from the Beginning of the War---The Fight for the African Colonies---German 'Employment of Negro Troops In the Early Part of the War.
CHAPTER XI. ----THE NEGRO COMBAT DIVISION
Pull Detailed Account of the Organization and Fighting Campaigns of the Famous Ninety-Second, as Recorded, by the Division's Official Historian---Complete Official Reports of Eveily Battle in Which the Ninety-second Took Part---Commendation by Commanding Officers.
CHAPTER XII. ----CITATIONS AND AWARDS, 92ND DIVISION
Officers and Men of the Famous Negro Division Whose Heroic Conduct Gained for Them the Distinguished Service Cross---Details of Their Deeds of Heroism in Action---Special Mention of Officers and Men by Various Commanding Officers.
CHAPTER XIII. ----THE STORY OF "THE BUFFALOES"
Glorious Record of the 367th Infantry Regiment--Colonel James A. Moss---Presentation of Colors by the Union League Club---"The Buffaloes" In France---How They "Saw It Through" at Metz---Their Heroic Conduct Under Fire---Regimental Colors Decorated, by Order of the French High Command---A Tribute from France to "These Sunburned Americans."
CHAPTER XIV. ----RECORD OF "THE OLD FIFTEENTH"
The Glorious Story of the 369th United States Infantry, Formerly of the New York National Guard---The Regiment That Never Lost a Man Captured, a Trench, or a Foot of Ground---First Negro Troops to Go into Action In France.
CHAPTER XV .----"THE EIGHTH ILLINOIS"
Story of the 370th U. S. Infantry---Another Negro National Guard Regiment that Won Distinction on the Battlefield---Chicago's Colored Fighters Called "Black Devils" by the Germans and "Partridges" by the French Because of Their Proud Bearing---First American Troops to March into the Fortified City of Laon---Their Stubborn Resistance at the Oise-Aisne Canal.
CHAPTER XVI. ----THE 371ST INFANTRY IN FRANCE
How This Colored Regiment of the "Red Hand" Division Helped to Win the War---Service in the Trenches under General Goybet---In the Great Champagne Offensive---Fierce Fighting and Heavy Losses---The Regiment Decorated by the French-Individual Citations and Awards.
CHAPTER XVII. ----THE RECORD OF THE 372ND
A Regiment Made Up of National Guard Troops and Drafted Men-Attached to the Famous French "Red Hand" Division---Its Splendid Record in France---At Hill 304-Heroic Exploits of Individuals---The Regiment Decorated with the Croix de Guerre---Citations and Awards.
CHAPTER XVIII. ----NEGRO HEROES OF THE WAR
The Exploit of Henry Johnson and Needham Roberts---How One American Soldier In No-Man's Land Killed Four Germans and Wounded Twenty-Eight Others Single-Handed---First American Soldiers to Receive the French Croix de Guerre---Other Instances of Individual Heroism by Negro Soldiers.
CHAPTER XIX. ----THE NEGRO SOLDIER AS A FIGHTER
Unanimous Praise by Military Observers---Value of Negroes as Shock Troops---Discipline and Morale Under Fire---What the War Correspondents Said About Them---Comments by Foreign Military Observers---Estimates by American and French Officers.
CHAPTER XX. ----WITH OUR SOLDIERS IN FRANCE
Official Reports of the Only Accredited Negro War Correspondent---Ralph W. Tyler, Representative with the A. E. F. of the U. S. Committee on Public Information---The Story of the Life and Fighting of American Negro Soldiers in France as Seen by This Trained Observer.
CHAPTER XXI. ----NEGRO MUSIC THAT STIRRED FRANCE
Recognition of the Value of Music by the U. S. War Department---The Patriotic Music of Colored Americans---Lieutenant James Europe and His Famous "Jazz" Band---Other Leaders and Aggregations of Musicians---Enthusiasm of the French People and Officers for American Music as Interpreted by These Colored Artists and Their Bandsmen.
CHAPTER XXII. ----THE NEGRO IN THE SERVICE OF SUPPLY
A Vast Army of Colored Stevedores In France---Their Important and Efficient Work---Essential to the Combatant Army in the Trenches---Their Loalty and Cheerfulness---Important Lessons Learned in the War---The Labor Battalions---Well-Earned Tributes to These Splendid Colored Workers Overseas.
CHAPTER XXIII. ----" WITH THOSE WHO WAIT"
Provision for Technical Training of Draftees---Units that Did Not Get to France---Vocational and Educational Opportunities Opened to Them---The Negro in the Students' Army Training Corps-In the Reserve Officers' Training Corps.
CHAPTER XXIV. ----GERMAN PROPAGANDA AMONG NEGROES
Insidious Efforts to Create Dissatisfaction Among Colored Americans---Germany's Treacherous Promises---How the Hun Tried to Undermine the Loyalty of Our Negro Citizens---Steps Taken to Combat Enemy Propaganda---Work of the Committee on Public Information.
CHAPTER XXV. ----How COLORED CIVILIANS HELPED TO WIN
Their Co-operation in All the Liberty Loan Drives---The Negro and the Red Cross---In the United War Work Campaign---How the Negroes Bought War Savings Stamps---Special Contributions and Work of Colored Citizens---The "Committee of One Hundred" and Its Valuable Work.
CHAPTER XXVI. ----NEGRO LABOR IN WAR TIME
Organization for War Work---The Division of Negro Economics---Pioneer Work of Dr. George E. Haynes---Negro Representation in Council-Seeking to Improve Race Relations---Good Work by Negroes in the Shipyards---Attitude of Organized Labor---The Opportunities of the War.
CHAPTER XXVII. ----NEGRO WOMEN IN WAR WORK
Enthusiastic Service of Colored Women in the Wartime Emergency---Overcoming the Problems of Race by Pure Patriotism---Work for the Red Cross---The Young Women's Christian Association---The Colored Hostess Houses and Rest Rooms for Soldiers---War Problems of Living---The Circle for Negro War Relief---Colored Women in the Loan Drives---Important Work in War Industries.
CHAPTER XXVIII. ----SOCIAL WELFARE AGENCIES
Important Welfare Work of the Young Men's Christian Association and Other Organized Bodies---Negro Secretaries of the Y. M. C. A.---The Problem of Illiteracy in the Camps---The Social Secretaries---Results of Education---The Y. W. C. A. Hostess Houses---The Knights of Columbus---Caring tor Retained Soldiers.
CHAPTER XXIX. ----NEGRO LOYALTY AND MORALE
Eager Response of Colored Draftees---Notable Tributes to the Patriotism of the Negro Race by the White Press---Also by President Wilson, Secretary Baker, Secretary Daniels and Others---Negro Loyalty Never Doubted---Patriotic Negro Demonstrations and Other Instances of Loyalty.
CHAPTER XXX. ----DID THE NEGRO SOLDIER GET A SQUARE DEAL?
Reports of Widespread Discrimination and Harsh Treatment In Camp---Many Manifestations of Prejudice by White Officers---The Question of White or Negro Officers for Negro Regiments---Higher Officers of the Army Usually Fair---Disinclination to Utilize Colored Nurses and Colored Medical Men---Secretary Baker's Efforts to Prevent Race Discrimination---Reports of Negro Observers on Conditions Overseas.
CHAPTER XXXI. ----WHAT THE NEGRO GOT OUT OF THE WAR
A Keener Sense of His Rights and Privileges as a Citizen of the United States---Racial Attitude of the South-Returning Negro Soldiers and Conditions in the North---The Attitude of Organized Labor-Instances of Discrimination---The Black Man and His Claims to Equal Treatment.
APPENDICES.
A1. ----COLORED OFFICERS COMMISSIONED AT FT. DES MOINES
A2. ----COLORED CHAPLAINS IN THE U.S. ARMY
A3. ----OFFICIAL SUMMARY OF THE TREATY OF PEACE
A4. ----CHANGES
(a) ---- MAP OF CENTRAL EUROPE SHOWING TERRITORIAL CHANGES
---------UNDER THE TREATY
(b) ----KEY TO THE MAP
(c) ----FINAL CHANGES IN THE TREATY
A5. ----CHRONOLOGY OF THE WORLD WAR
ILLUSTRATIONS.
The highest civilian decoration of the United States is the Presidential Medal of Freedom . This award was established as the Medal of Freedom by President Harry S. Truman on 6th July 1945. It was originally an award for meritorious service on behalf of the United States, especially in wartime.
The medal was re-established by President John F. Kennedy on 22nd February 1963, with its current name. The scope of the award was also broadened.
The Presidential Medal of Freedom is awarded to individuals who have made especially meritorious contributions to the security or national interests of the United States, to world peace, or to cultural or other significant public or private endeavors.
The following documentation is from the:
US National Archives and Records Administration Federal Register
Chronological History of Executive Orders for the Medal
Executive Order 9586 - The Medal of Freedom
Source: The provisions of Executive Order 9586 of July 6, 1945 1, appear at 10 FR 8523, 3 CFR, 1943-1948 Comp., p. 410, unless otherwise noted.
By virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States and as Commander in Chief of the armed forces of the United States, it is ordered as follows:
[Introductory paragraph amended by Executive Order 10336 of Apr. 3, 1952 2, 17 FR 2957, 3 CFR, 1949-1953 Comp., p. 858]
Section 1. Medal established. The Medal of Freedom is hereby re-established as the Presidential Medal of Freedom, with accompanying ribbons and appurtenances. The Presidential Medal of Freedom, hereinafter referred to as the Medal, shall be in two degrees.
[Sec. 1 amended by Executive Order 11085 of Feb. 22, 1963 3, 28 FR 1759, 3 CFR, 1959-1963 Comp., p. 719]
Sec. 2. Award of the Medal. (a) The medal may be awarded by the President as provided in this order to any person who has made an especially meritorious contribution to (1) the security or national interests of the United States, or (2) world peace, or (3) cultural or other significant public or private endeavors.
(b) The President may select for the award of the Medal any person recommended to the President for award of the Medal or any person selected by the President upon his own initiative.
(c) The principal announcement of awards of the Medal shall normally be made annually, on or about 4th July of each year; but such awards may be made at other times, as the President may deem appropriate.
(d) Subject to the provisions of this Order, the Medal may be awarded posthumously.
[Sec. 2 amended by Executive Order 11085 of Feb. 22, 1963, 28 FR 1759, 3 CFR, 1959-1963 Comp., p. 719; Executive Order 11515 of Mar. 13, 1970, 35 FR 4543, 3 CFR, 1966-1970 Comp., p. 905. Secs. 3-6 removed by Executive Order 11515 of Mar. 13, 1970, 35 FR 4543, 3 CFR, 1966-1970 Comp., p. 905]
(1) President Harry S. Truman
(2) President Harry S. Truman
(3) President John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Obverse view
The original design
Reverse view
Description
A cross of bronze, 2 inches in height and 1 13/16 inches in width with an eagle on the center and a scroll below the eagle bearing the inscription "FOR VALOR". On the reverse side, the center of the cross is circled by a wreath with a space for engraving the name of the recipient.
Ribbon
The ribbon is 1 3/8 inches wide and consists of the following stripes: 1/8 inch Old Glory Red; 1/16 inch White; 1 inch Imperial Blue; 1 1/16 inch White; and 1/8 inch Old Glory Red.
The Croix de Guerre
Obverse View
Reverse View
World War I
World War II
Background
The French Croix de Guerre was established on 8th April 1915 to commemorate individual mentions in dispatches during WWI. The medal was again authorized, with changes indicated above, in 1939 for WWII.
During WWI and WWII, the French Croix de Guerre was awarded to both U.S. Army units and to individuals. The Croix de Guerre may be awarded at different levels of command. The level of the awarding command determines the appurtenance worn on the ribbon. The bronze palm indicates awarded by the Army; a silver gilt star by a corps; a silver star by a division; and bronze star by a regiment or brigade.
The French Fourragre is authorized for both permanent and temporary wear. Personnel assigned to a unit which was awarded the fourragre may wear the fourragre while assigned to the unit.
Design
A bronze cross, 1 9/16 inches wide, surmounted by crossed swords hilt down saltirewise, overall a disk bearing the Head of the Republic. The medals are the same for World War I and World War II, except the WWI has 1914-1918 on the reverse and WWII medal has 1939 on the reverse.
Ribbon: WWI
The ribbon is 1 3/8 inches wide and consists of the following stripes: 1/16 inch old glory red; 5/32 inch Irish green; 1/16 inch old glory red; 5/32 inch Irish green; 1/16 inch old glory red; 5/32 inch Irish green; 1/16 inch old glory red; 5/32 inch Irish green; 1/16 inch old glory red; 5/32 inch Irish green; 1/16 inch old glory red; 5/32 inch Irish green; 1/16 inch old glory red.
WWII
The ribbon is 1 3/8 inches wide and consists of the following stripes: 9/32 inch Old Glory Red; 5/32 inch Irish Green; 1/16 inch Old Glory Red; 5/32 inch Irish Green; 1/16 inch Old Glory Red; 5/32 inch Irish Green; 1/16 inch Old Glory Red; 5/32 inch Irish Green; 9/32 inch Old Glory Red.
Streamers
A streamer is displayed on the organizational flag/guidon to indicate award of the Croix de Guerre. The streamers are the same colour and pattern as the ribbon for the medal. Army units may display the Croix de Guerre on ceremonial occasions by pinning it on the streamer. The inscription and device will be as indicated in the unit's lineage and honours.
World War I Streamer
World War II Streamer
Fourragre:
The French fourragre may be awarded by the French government if a unit was cited twice in the dispatches. Award of the fourragre is not automatic and requires a specific decree of the French government. The fourragre is the same colours as the ribbon for the Croix de Guerre. If a unit is cited four times, the fourragre colours are changed to that of the French Medaille Militaire instead of the Croix de Guerre.
WWI (Two Citations)
WWI (Four Citations)
WW2 (Two Citations)
WW2 (Four Citations
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