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Congressional Medal of Honor - Buffalo Soldiers
The following Buffalo Soldiers and their officers were awarded the Medal of Honor for their service during the Indian Wars or the Spanish American War.
Late 1800's photograph of members of the 10th Cavalry (Buffalo Soldiers). Augustus Walley (top row, 2nd from right, with the bandana around his neck), a former slave from Bond Avenue in Reisterstown, MD, won the Congressional Medal of Honor.
Congressional Medal of Honor winner Augustus Walley
"Wild Buffaloes"
African Americans have served in the United States Army since the Revolutionary War. They were, however, segregated in all black units until the Korean War.
In 1866, Congress approved legislation creating six all African American Army regiments: two cavalry (the 9th and 10th) and four infantry (the 38th, 39th, 40th and 41st). These units represented the first African American professional soldiers in a peace-time army. Some of the recruits for the new units were formerly slaves. Many others served in the Union Army during the Civil War.
Another reorganization of the Army a short time later led to the merger of the four infantry regiments into two units: the 24th and 25th.
The nickname "Buffalo Soldiers" was originally given to the 10th Cavalry by Cheyenne warriors out of respect for their fierce fighting in 1867. The Native American term used was actually "Wild Buffaloes", which was translated to "Buffalo Soldiers." In time, all African American Soldiers became known as "Buffalo Soldiers." Despite second-class treatment these soldiers made up first-rate regiments of the highest caliber and had the lowest desertion rate in the Army.
In the late 1800's and early 1900's, these units were consistently assigned to the harshest and most desolate posts. They were sent to subdue Mexican revolutionaries, outlaws, comancheros, rustlers, and hostile Native Americans; to explore and map the Southwest; to string telegraph lines; and to establish frontier outposts around which future towns and cities grew.
All four units fought in the Indian Wars of the American West and were, in part, responsible for the defeat of Geronimo, the notorious Apache leader Victorio, William "Billy the Kid" Bonner and Mexican bandit Francisco "Pancho" Villa. During the Spanish American War of 1898, it was the 9th and 10th Cavalry Corps which drew the fire that led to the decisive and successful charge up Kettle Hill, and San Juan Heights in Cuba. The Buffalo Soldier legacy continued into the 20th Century. They served in the Philippines and China. Units also fought in WWI and WWII.
9th Cavalry Medal of Honor Winners
Sgt. Thomas Boyne , Indian Campaigns- for holding position on two occasions, May 19, 1879, in the Nimbres Mountains of New Mexico and September 27, 1879, at Cuchillo, New Mexico, in battles against Indians.
Second Lieutenant, George R. Burnett Place and date: At Cuchillo Negro Mountains, N. Mex., 16 August 1881. Entered service at: Spring Mills, Pa. Birth. Lower Providence Township Pa. Date of issue: 23 July 1897. Citation. Saved the life of a dismounted soldier, who was in imminent danger of being cut off, by alone galloping quickly to his assistance under heavy fire and escorting him to a place of safety, his horse being twice shot in this action.
Second Lieutenant Matthias W. Day Place and date: At Las Animas Canyon, N. Mex., 18 September 1879. Entered service at: Oberlin, Ohio. Birth: Mansfield, Ohio. Date of issue: 7 May 1890. Citation: Advanced alone into the enemy's lines and carried off a wounded soldier of his command under a hot fire and after he had been ordered to retreat.
Sgt. John Denny , Indian Campaigns- for carrying a wounded comrade to safety under fire at Las Animas Canyon, New Mexico, September 18, 1879
Second Lieutenant Robert Temple Emmet . Place and Date: At Las Animas Canyon, N. Mex, 18 Sep 1879. Inducted: New York, N.Y. Born: New York, N.Y. Date of issue 24 Aug 1899. Citation: Lt. Emmet was in G Troop which was sent to relieve a detachment of soldiers under attack by hostile Apaches During a flank attack on the Indian camp, made to divert the hostiles Lt. Emmet and 5 of his men became surrounded when the Indians returned to defend their camp. Finding that the Indians were making for a position from which they could direct their fire on the retreating troop, the Lt held his point with his party until the soldiers reached the safety of a canyon. Lt. Emmet then continued to hold his position while his party recovered their horses. The enemy force consisted of approximately 200.
Captain Francis S. Dodge , Troop D. Action: Near White River Agency, Colo., 29 September 1879. Entered service at: Danvers, Mass. Born: 11 September 1842, Danvers, Mass. Date of issue: 2 April 1898. Citation: With a force of 40 men rode all night to the relief of a command that had been defeated and was besieged by an overwhelming force of Indians, reached the field at daylight, joined in the action and fought for 3 days.
Cpl. Clinton Greaves , Indian Campaigns- for gallantry in hand-to-hand fighting with Indians at Florida Mountains, New Mexico, June 24, 1877
Sgt. Henry Johnson , Indian Campaigns- at Milk City, Colorado on October 2-5, 1879, "Sergeant Johnson voluntarily left the fortified shelter and under heavy fire at close range made the rounds of the pits to instruct the guards; fought his way to the creek and back to bring water to the wounded."
Sgt. George Jordan , Indian Campaigns-twice recognized for unusual heroism: May 14, 1880 lead 25 man force which repulsed over 100 Indians at Carrizo Canyon, New Mexico and on August 12, 1881 held position against superior numbers of enemy.
Sgt. Thomas Shaw , Indian Campaigns- for heroism in action at Carrizo Canyon, New Mexico, August 12, 1881
Sgt. Emanuel Stance , Indian Campaigns- for gallantry displayed as an Indian Scout, May 20, 1870, Kickapoo Springs, Texas. Stance was the first African American recipient of the Medal of Honor during the Indian War era.
Pvt. Agustus Walley , Indian Campaigns- for action in an engagement against Apaches, Cuchillo Negro Mountains, New Mexico August 16, 1881 (Recommendation for second MOH for service during Spanish-American War). Walley is buried near his hometown of Reisterstown. Maryland.
1st Sgt. Moses Williams, Co I, Action: At foothills of the Cuchillo Negro Mountains, N. Mex, 16 Aug 1881. Born: Carrollton, La. Issued: 12 Nov 1896. Citation: Rallied a detachment, skillfully conducted a running fight of 3 or 4 hours, and by his coolness, bravery, and unflinching devotion to duty in standing by his commanding officer in an exposed position under a heavy fire from a large party of Indians saved the lives of at least 3 of his comrades.
Cpl. William O. Wilson , Citation: for bravery during the Sioux campaign in 1890. Action: Sioux Campaign, 1890. Inducted: St. Paul, Minn. Born: Hagerstown, Md. Issued: 17 Sep 1891.
Sgt. Brent Wood , Co B, Action: New Mexico, 19 Aug 1881. Inducted: Louisville, Ky. Born: Pulaski County, Ky. Issued: 12 Jul 1894. Citation: Saved the lives of his comrades and citizens of the detachment.
10th Cavalry Medal of Honor Winners
Captain Louis H. Carpenter , Company H. Actions: At Indian campaigns in Kansas and Colorado, September October 1868. Entered service at: Philadelphia, Pa. Birth: Glassboro, N.J. Date of issue 8 April 1898. Citation: Was gallant and meritorious throughout the campaigns, especially in the combat of October 15 and in the forced March on September 23, 24 and 25 to the relief of Forsyth's Scouts, who were known to be in danger of annihilation by largely superior forces of Indians.
Sgt Mjr Edward L. Baker , (later promoted to Second Lt.) Spanish-American War- for leaving cover, and under fire, rescued a wounded comrade from drowning, July 1, 1898
Second Lieutenant Powhattan H. Clarke , Company K Place and date: At Pinito Mountains, Sonora, Mex., 3 May 1886. Entered service at: Baltimore, Md. Birth: Alexandria, La. Date of issue: 12 March 1891. Citation: Rushed forward to the rescue of a soldier who was severely wounded and lay, disabled, exposed to the enemy's fire, and carried him to a place of safety.
Pvt Dennis Bell , Spanish-American War- for voluntarily going ashore in Toyabacoa, Cuba, in the face of the enemy and rescuing wounded comrades, June 30, 1898
Pvt. Fitz Lee , Spanish-American War- for voluntarily going ashore in Toyabacoa, Cuba, in the face of the enemy and rescuing wounded comrades, June 30, 1898
Sgt. William McBryar , Indian Campaigns- for bravery in battle with Apache Indians in Arizona Territory, May 15, 1890
Sgt. William Tompkins , Spanish-American War- for voluntarily going ashore in Toyabacoa, Cuba, in the face of the enemy and rescuing wounded comrades, June 30, 1898
Pvt. George H. Wanton , Spanish-American War- for voluntarily going ashore in Toyabacoa, Cuba, in the face of the enemy and rescuing wounded comrades, June 30, 1898.
24th Infantry Medal of Honor Winners
Sgt. Benjamin Brown , Indian Campaigns- for defending the Regimental Payroll from robbers, wounded in the abdomen and both arms, near Ft. Thomas, Arizona May 11, 1889
Cpl. Isaiah Mays , Co B. Action: Arizona, 11 May 1889. Inducted: Columbus Barracks, Ohio. Born 16 Feb 1858, Carters Bridge, Va. Issued: 19 Feb 1890. Citation: Gallantry in the fight between Paymaster Wham's escort and robbers. Mays walked and crawled 2 miles to a ranch for help. Cpl. Mays is buried in the old section of the cemetery at the Veterans Hospital in Phoenix, Arizona.
41st Infantry Medal of Honor Winners
(The 41st and 38th Infantry were reorganized to form the 24th Infantry
in the fall of 1869.)
First Lieutenant George E. Albee , Action : At Brazos River, Tex., 28 October 1869. Entered service at: Owatonna, Minn. Birth: Lisbon, N.H. Date of issue: 18 January 1894. Citation: Attacked with 2 men a force of 11 Indians, drove them from the hills, and reconnoitered the country beyond.
Seminole Indian Scouts
Pvt. Pompey Factor, Seminole Indian Scouts- At Pecos River, Tex, 25 Apr 1875. Born: Arkansas. Issued: 28 May 1875. Citation: With 3 other men, he participated in a charge against 25 hostiles while on a scouting patrol. Pvt. Factor is buried in the Seminole Cemetery near Bracketville, Texas.
Pvt. Adam Paine , Pvt, Indian Scouts. Action: Canyon Blanco tributary of the Red River, Tex, 26-27 Sep 1874. Inducted: Fort Duncan, Texas. Born: Florida. Issued: 13 Oct 1875. Citation: Rendered invaluable service to Col. R. S. Mackenzie, 4th US Cavalry, during this engagement.
Isaac Payne , Trumpeter, Indian Scouts. Action: At Pecos River, Tex, 25 Apr 1875. Born: Mexico. Issued: 28 May 1875. Citation: With 3 other men, he participated in a charge against 25 hostiles while on a scouting patrol and Rescued commanding officer Lt. John Bullis
Sgt. John Ward , Seminole Indian Scouts- Indian Campaigns-Pecos River Engagement April 25, 1875. Entered service at. Fort Duncan, Tex. Born: Arkansas. Issued: 28 May 1875. Citation: With 3 other men, he participated in a charge against 25 hostiles while on a scouting patrol.
Generations of Buffalo Soldiers
These men pose during a lunch break while on patrol in Montana. The 10th Cavalry was stationed at Fort Custer, Montana (near present day Billings) from 1892 to 1896.
This photograph shows what was probably a staged charge by the 10th Cavalry. The "Charge" as a military tactic was not often used in the West. As a matter of fact, most Cavalry troopers left their sabers in their barracks. The swords rattled and simply created noise that could give away a troopers position.
This is a 10th Cavalry Color Guard, probably photographed in 1917 or 1918. The uniforms are in transition but the blue and gold have been replaced by olive drab.
(From the Alfred Bess Collection, Blue Horse Productions.)
These are men of "A" Company 10th Cavalry at their barracks at Fort Huachuca, Arizona.
The year is 1928.
Soldiers of the 32nd AAA battery pose while drilling on their four barrel weapon. These soldiers served in Japan. (From the Alfred Bess Collection, Blue Horse Productions.)
A rare photo of the 38th Infantry, shown here behind workmen in Kansas, acted as escort for railroad workers surveying and engineering major lines as they began to cross the country just after the Civil War. The 38th along with the 39th, 40th and 41st were combined in 1869 into two units, the 24th and 25th.
The 9th Cavalry, "K" Company in Pine Ridge, South Dakota. This photograph was taken during the winter of 1890-91. Note the heavier coats, many Buffalo hide, and hats. Two men pictured here are Medal of Honor Winners- George Jordan, seated, and Henry Johnson, standing in rear.
This is the 9th Cavalry assembled as part of a unit portrait made, probably in the late 1880's.
The 9th Cavalry F troop around the turn of the Century. This picture was made in either Florida or Georgia and may be of maneuvers just before the Spanish American War fought in Cuba.
A 10th Cavalry soldier in general issue buffalo-hide coat for winter duty. Photo was taken in the late 1870s.
The 10th Cavalry in dress blue uniforms passes in review. This picture was taken in 1938 at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. The Trooper carrying the guideon, highlighted, is Valley Coleman. See his story in the Biography section.
The 28th Cavalry crosses an arroyo at Camp Lockett in Campo, California, just east of San Diego. The 28th trained and then served as boarder patrol from Camp Lockett before being shipped to North Africa in 1944.
Buffalo Soldiers mount their horses around the turn of the Century. This photo was taken in Florida or Georgia as troopers prepared for battle in Cuban during the Spanish American War of 1898.
General George S. Patton pins the Silver Star on Private Ernest A. Jenkins. Patton told reporters after the ceremony, "The Negro soldiers are damn good soldiers, of whom the nation should be mighty proud." Despite a heroic effort by the all African-American 761st Tank Battalion, Patton would not recommend a unit citation for their campaigns in France. In the 1970s the army set the record straight and issued a belated citation.
These Buffalo Soldier display their riding prowess with a drill known as "Roman Riding." The 9th and 10th Cavalry worked hard at equestrian demonstrations and were favorites of reviews at most posts where they performed.
During the First World War the U.S. Army would not press African Americans into combat assignments. Their thinking was that these veterans of decades on the Western Planes could not perform in a combat setting. The French Army, which had traditionally accepted all men who volunteered for the fight, eagerly accepted the black troops. In this photograph the French "Blue Helmets" are worn by Buffalo Soldiers in the trenches. Most of the black troops received the French Croix de Guerre for their outstanding bravery in combat.
Lt. Colonel Charles Young, right, talks with 10th Cavalry officer Captain Barber in 1916 along the Arizona Mexico border.
Left: Dewey B. Bess, 6th Battalion, 165th Brigade, probably taken in 1918.
Right: Private Alfred Bess at Fort Bliss in 1950.
(From the Alfred Bess Collection, Blue Horse Productions.)
Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870-1898 Frank N. Schubert Scholarly Resources, 1997.
Hardcover, 184 pages, notes, bibliography, index.
Schubert, the leading authority on the Buffalo Soldiers, examines their involvement in both the Indian Wars and the Spanish-American War through the stories of twenty-three Medal of Honor recipients, four of whom received the award for bravery during the Spanish-American War. Contents
Preface
Buffalo Soldier Recipients of the Medal of Honor
1. Two Traditions: The Medal of Honor and Black Valor
2. Emanuel Stance and the Emergence of the Black Professional Soldier
3. The Seminole Negro Scouts
4. The Apache Wars, 1877-1879
5. Henry Johnson and the Ute War
6. The Apache Wars Continue, 1880-81
7. The Wham Paymaster Robbery
8. William McBryar and the End of the Indian Wars in the South
9. William Wilson and the End of the Indian Wars in the North
10. Four Cavalrymen in Cuba
11. Edward Baker and the Limits of Upward Mobility
12. The Recognition of Black Valor
Abbreviations Used in Notes
Notes
Bibliography
Index
Bibliography
The following list provides a good example of the materials published about the Buffalo Soldiers through the years. For the past several years, new articles and books have been published almost every month. Countless on-line resources are also available, focusing on specific areas of Buffalo Soldier history.
Adde, Nick and Leon Coates. "From the 'Buffalo Soldier' to the Astronaut." Air Force Times, 44 (Feb. 27,1984), 35-36.
Adler, Bill, comp. The Black Soldier: From the American Revolution to Vietnam. New York, NY: Morrow, 1971.
Amos, Preston E. Above and Beyond in the West: Black Medal of Honor Winners 1807- 1890. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Corral, The Westerners, 1974.
Athearn, Robert C. William Tecumseh Sherman and the Settlement of the West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956.
Asyot, Gerald. The Right to Fight, The History of African Americans in the Military. Novato, California; Presidio Press, 1998.
Bailey, Sedell. "Buffalo Soldiers (Black Troops of the 9th and 10th Cavalries)." Armor, LXXXIII (January/February, 1974), 9-12.
Ballinger, James K. Frederic Remington's Southwest. Phoenix, Arizona: Phoenix Art Museum, 1992.
Barth, Chuck. Due Reward, The True Story of the Buffalo Soldiers. Tucson, Arizona: Blue Horse Productions, 1999.
_____. The First Buffalo Soldier: Benjamin Grierson. Tucson, Arizona: Blue Horse Productions, 1997
_____. The Professor: Charles Young. Tucson, Arizona: Blue Horse Productions, 1997
_____. The Journey. Tucson, Arizona: Blue Horse Productions, 1999
_____. Echoes of a Last Stand - Ft. Custer. Tucson, Arizona: Blue Horse Productions, 1999
Branley, Bill. "Black, White & Red: A Story of Black Cavalrymen in the West." Soldiers, 47 (June 1981), 44-48.
Barr, Aluyn. Black Texans: A History of Negroes in Texas 1528-1971. Austin: Jenkins Publishing Co., 1973.
Barrow, William. "The Buffalo Soldiers: The Negro Cavalry in the West, 1866-1891." Black World, XVI (July 1967), 34-37, 89.
Beck, Warren A. New Mexico: A History of Four Centuries. (4 vols.) New York: Thomas Yoselof, Inc., 1956.
Berlin, Ira, ed. The Black Military Experience. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Berthrong, Donald J., The Southern Cheyennes. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963.
Beyer, Walter F., and Oscar F. Keydel, eds., Deeds of Valor. Detroit: Perrien-Keydel Co., 1903.
Billington, Monroe Lee. "Black Cavalrymen and Apache Indians." Fort Concho and South Plains Journal, XXII, 3 (Summer 1990).
_____. "New Mexicos Buffalo Soldiers". Niwot, Colorado: University of Colorado Press, 1991
_____. "Civilians and Black Soldiers in New Mexico Territory, 1866-1900: A Cross-Cultural Experience." Military History of the Southwest, XIX, 1(1989), 71-82.
_____. New Mexico's Buffalo Soldiers, 1866-1900. University of Colorado Press, 1991.
Blount, Bertha. "The Apache in the Southwest, 1846-1886." Southwestern Historical Quarterly, XXIII, 1, (July, 1919).
Bourke, John G., An Apache Campaign in the Sierra Madre. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1886.
Brady, Cyrus T., Indian Fights and Fighters. New York: McClure, Phillips and Co., 1904.
Branley, Bill. "Black, White & Red: A Story of Black Cavalrymen in the West." Soldiers, XXXVI (June, 1981), 46-48.
Brown, D. Alexander, Grierson's Raid. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1954.
Brown, Mark D. "The Negro in the Indian Wars." Negro History Bulletin, XIV(March, 1951), 142, 144.
Burkey, Elmer R. "The Thornburgh Battle With The Utes On Milk Creek." The Colorado Magazine, XIII, 3 (1936).
Butler, Ron. "The Buffalo Soldier, A Shining Light In The Military History of The American West." Arizona Highways, (March, 1972), 2-10.
Cahill, Luke. "An Indian Campaign and Buffalo Hunting with 'Buffalo Bill,'" The Colorado Magazine, IV, 4 (August, 1927).
Campbell, C.E. "Down Among the Red Men." Collections of the Kansas State Historical Society, XVII (Topeka, 1929).
Carlson, Paul H. "William R. Shafter, Black Troops, and The Opening of the Llano Estacado, 1870-1875." Panhandle-Plains Historical Review, XLVII (1974), 1-18.
Carroll, H. Bailery. "Nolan's Lost Nigger Expedition of 1877." Southwest Historical Quarterly, XLIV (July, 1940).
Carroll, John M., The Black Military Experience in the American West. New York: Liveright, 1972.
_____. Buffalo Soldiers West. Fort Collins: The Old Army Press, 1971.
Carter, Robert B., On the Border With Mackenzie, Washington, D.C.: Eynon Printing Co., 1935.
Casey, Robert J., The Texas Border and Some Borderliners. New York: Bobs-Merrill Co., Inc., 1950.
Cashin, Herschel V., Under Fire with the Tenth U.S. Cavalry. New York: Arno Press, 1969.
_____. et al. Under Fire with the Tenth Cavalry. Review of the Negro's Participation in the Wars of the United States. The Ninth and Tenth Cavalries. Indian Campaigns. Chicago: American Publishing House, 1899.
Ceco Publishing Co., Buffalo Soldiers. Friends Series, Vol. 29, No. 9. Southfield, MI, 1972.
Clarke, Powhatan. "A Hot Trail." The Cosmopolitan, XVII, 6 (Oct., 1894), 706-716.
Clum, John P.. "Geronimo." New Mexico Historical Review, II, 3 (January, 1928); III, 2 (April, 1928); III, 3 (July 1928).
Clum, Woodworth. Apache Agent. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1936.
Coffman, Edward M. "Army Life on the Frontier, 1865-1898." Military Affairs, XX (Winter, 1956), 193-201.
Coleman, Ronald G. "The Buffalo Soldiers: Guardians of the Uintah Frontier 1886-1901." Utah Historical Quarterly, XLVII,4 (1979), 421-439.
Cook, John R. The Border and the Buffalo. Topeka, Kansas: Crane and Co., 1907.
Cornish, Dudley Taylor. The Sable Arm; Black Troops in the Union Army, 1861 - 1865. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1987.
Cox, Clinton, The Forgotten Heroes; the Story of the Buffalo Soldiers. New York, NY: Scholastic Inc., 1993.
Cullum, George W. Biographical Register of Officers and Graduates of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, 1802-1867. New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1868.
Custer, Elizabeth B.,Following the Guidon. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1890.
_____. Tenting on the Plains. New York: C.L. Webster and Co., 1887.
Crawford, Samuel J. Kansas in the Sixties. Chicago: A.C. McClurg and Co., 1911.
Crimmins, Colonel M.L. "Shafter's Explorations In West Texas." West Texas Historical Association Yearbook, IX (October, 1933).
_____. "Captain Nolan's Lost Troop On The Staked Plains." West Texas Historical Association Yearbook, X (October, 1934).
_____. "Fort McKavett, Texas." Southwestern Historical Quarterly, XXXVIII,1 (July, 1934).
David, Fay and Crane, Elaine, eds. The Black Soldier: From the American Revolution to Vietnam. New York: William Morrow & Co., 1971.
Davis, Britton. The Truth About Geronimo. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1929.
Davis, Theodore R. "A Summer on the Plains." Harper's Monthly Magazine, XXXVI (February, 1868).
Davison, Michael S. "The Negro as Fighting Man." Crisis, LXXVI, 2 (1969), 67-71.
Day, James M. and Dorman Winfrey, eds. Texas Indian Papers, 1860-1916. 4 vols. Austin: Texas State Library, 1961.
Dobak, William A. "Black Regulars Speak." Panhandle-Plains Historical Review, XLVII (1974), 19-27.
Donaldson, Gary, The History of African-Americans in the Military. Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Co., 1991
Doran, Thomas F. "Kansas Sixty Years Ago." Collections of the Kansas State Historical Society, XV (Topeka, 1923).
Dorst, Captain Joseph "Ranald Slidell Mackenzie." Cavalry Journal, X (December, 1897).
Downey, Fairfax, The Buffalo Soldiers in the Indian Wars. New York: McGraw Hill, 1969
_____. Indian Fighting Army. New York: 1941.
Dunlay, Thomas W. Wolves for the Blue Soldiers: Indian Scouts and Auxiliaries with the United States Army, 1860-90. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982.
Dunn, J.P., Jr. Massacres of the Mountains. New York: Archer House, Inc., 1886.
Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. Military Heritage of America. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1956.
Eastman, Elaine G. Pratt, the Red Man's Moses. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1935.
Emmett, Chris, Fort Union and the Winning of the Southwest. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965.
Emmitt, Robert, The Last War Trail: The Utes and the Settlement of Colorado. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954.
Flipper, Henry O. Negro Frontiersman. El Paso: Texas Western College Press, 1963.
_____. The Western Memoirs of Henry O. Flipper 1878-1916. El Paso: Texas Western College Press, 1963.
Foner, Jack D. Blacks and the Military in American History. New York: Praeger, 1974.
Foreman, Grant. Fort Gibson: A Brief History. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1936.
Forsyth, George A. "A Frontier Fight." Harper's Monthly Magazine, XCI (June, 1895).
Fowler, Arlen L. The Black Infantry in the West, 1869-1891. Westport, CT: Greenwood Pub. Corp., 1971.
Frazer, Robert W. Forts of the West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965.
Ganoe, William A. The History of the United States Army. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1924.
Gard, Wayne. Frontier Justice. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1949.
Garfield, Marvin "Defense of the Kansas Frontier, 1864-1865." The Kansas Historical Quarterly, I, 2 (February, 1932).
_____. "Defense of the Kansas Frontier, 1866-1867." The Kansas Historical Quarterly, I, 4 (August, 1932).
_____. "Defense of the Kansas Frontier, 1868-1869." The Kansas Historical Quarterly, I, 5 (November, 1932).
Garret, Pat F. The Authentic Life of Billy the Kid. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954.
Gibson, A.M. The Kickapoos. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963.
Gibson, Joe A. Forts and Treasure Trails of West Texas. San Angelo: Educator, 1969.
Glass, Edward L.N., ed. History of the Tenth Cavalry, 1866-1921. Ft. Collins: The Old Army Press, 1972.
Godfrey, Brigadier General E.S. "Some Reminiscences, Including an Account of General Sully's Expedition Against the Southern Plains Indians, 1868." Cavalry Journal, XXXVI (July, 1927).
_____. "Some Reminiscences, Including the Washita Battle, November 29, 1868." Cavalry Journal, XXXVII, 153 (October, 1928).
Grant, Ben O. "Life in Old Fort Griffin." West Texas Historical Association Yearbook, X (October, 1934).
Greene, Robert Ewell, Black Defenders of America, 1775-1973. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Co., 1974.
_____. The Early Life of Col. Charles Young 1864-1889. Washington D.C.: 1973.
Griffin, Louis George,III and John M. Carroll, Buffalo Soldiers West. Fort Collins, CO: Old Army Press, 1971.
Grinnell, George B. The Fighting Cheyennes. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956.
Guthrie, Chaplain James M. Camp-Fires of the Afro-American or, The Colored Man as a Patriot. Philadelphia: Afro-American Pub. Co., 1899.
Haley, J. Evetts "The Comanchero Trade." Southwestern Historical Quarterly, XXXVIII, 3 (January, 1935).
_____. Fort Concho and the Texas Frontier. San Angelo, Texas: San Angelo Standard-Times, 1952.
Hamlin, William Lee, The True Story of Billy the Kid. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1959.
Hanson, Irvin W. 101 Frederic Remington Drawings of the Old West. Willmar: Color Press, 1968.
Hart, Herbert M. Old Forts of the Southwest. New York: Bonanza Books, 1964.
Hazen, General William B. "Some Corrections of Life on the Plains." Chronicles of Oklahoma, III, 4 (December, 1925).
Herr, John K. and Edward S. Wallace, The Story of the U.S. Cavalry. Boston: Little, Brown, 1953.
Hewett, Jaxon. "The Bookish Black at Wild Horse Arroyo: How the Folsom Man Came to Light." New Mexico Magazine (Winter, 1977), 20-24.
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, Army Life in a Black Regiment. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1960.
Hinton, Harwood P. Jr. "John Simpson Chisum, 1877-1884." New Mexico Historical Review, XXXI, 3, 4 (July, 1956).
Hodge, Larry D. "Fort McKavett Portrays Life on the Texas Frontier." Texas Highways, (February, 1991), 46-49.
Hollar, William Eugene, Frontier Violence: Another Look, New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.
Howe, Jerome W. "Campaigning In Mexico, 1916." Arizona Pioneers Historical Society (1968).
Hyde, George E. A Sioux Chronicle. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956.
Hutcheson, Grote. "The Ninth Regiment of Cavalry." Journal of Military Service Institution of the United States, Vol XIII (1892), 215-224.
Hutton, Paul Andrew, ed. Soldiers West: Biographies from the Military Frontier. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987.
Jackson, Jesse, A Social History of the Tenth Cavalry, 1931-1941. Fort Leavenworth, KS: US Army Command and General Staff College, 1975.
Jacobs, Captain Richard T. "Military Reminiscences of Captain Richard T. Jacobs." Chronicles of Oklahoma, II (March, 1924).
Jenness, George B. "The Battle on Beaver Creek." Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society, IX (Topeka, 1906).
Johnson, Barry C. Flipper's Dismissal: The Ruin of Lt. Henry O. Flipper, U.S.A., First Colored Graduate of West Point. London: Privately printed, 1980.
Johnson, Edward A. Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1899 (A School History . New York: Isaac Goldman Co., 1891.
Johnson, Harry, Buffalo Soldiers: The Formation of the Ninth Cavalry Regiment, July 1866-1867. Fort Leavenworth, KS: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 1991.
Johnson, Jesse J., ed. Black Armed Forces Officers, 1736-1971 (A Documented Pictorial History). Hampton, VA, 1971.
_____. A Pictorial History of Black Soldiers (1619-1969) In Peace and War. Hampton, VA, 1970.
Katz, William Loren, The Black West. New York: Putnam, 1967.
Keefe, IV, Mark A.,"The Buffalo Soldier Rides Forever." American Rifleman, (October 1992).
Keim, De Benneville R. Sheridan's Troopers on the Borders: A Winter Campaign on the Plains. Philadelphia: D. McKay, 1885.
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