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Presidential Medal of Freedom Speeches |
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Presidential Medal of Freedom THE SPEECHES Kennedy
Johnson
Nixon
Ford
Carter
Reagan
Bush
PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY On July 4th, 1963, President Kennedy announced the initial recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Of the thirtyone initial recipients, eight were selected to receive the award "with distinction." Tragically, President Kennedy was assassinated before he could present the awards. President Johnson presented the medals to the men and women President Kennedy had selected to receive the award.
At that ceremony, the initial recipients were told that early in his administration President Kennedy had turned his mind to the means by which we could give appropriate encouragement to deeds well done. He felt deeply that our Nation should pay full homage to those who contribute to enriching the qualities of American life, strengthening the security of free men and building the foundations for peace.
He sought a way of expressing this appreciation in a systematic manner so that it could become a part of American tradition, a means of national thanks and encouragement for the selfless effort and the brilliant task.
So as to provide orderly arrangements for the conferring of this recognition, President Kennedy directed the Distinguished [Civilian Service] Awards Board to survey the fields of achievement and to suggest candidates for the award for the Presidential Medal of Freedom. . . .
The work of the Board, however, was only the beginning of a process. The President reviewed our suggestions with care and reflection. He added and subtracted names and directed that some nominations be held for a later year. The Presidential Medal of Freedom, he felt, should be given only after careful thought, always sparingly so as not to debase its currency.
He and Mrs. Kennedy studied and revised the design submitted for this decoration, and the beautiful medal you see here today bears their joint imprimatur.1 At a later presentation, President Johnson told the recipients why President Kennedy had established the Presidential Medal of Freedom. President Johnson said: Other peoples in other lands have marked their history through the years by moments of glory and war, and moments of greatness in power over empires and dominions.
Our experience in our own history has been quite different. Our glory is peace, not war. Our greatness is in people, not power. Our genius for 188 years has been the excellence of individuals.
The history of America is a history of outstanding achievement by outstanding individualsinventors and enterprisers, thinkers and doers, creators and constructors.
Our society today is a changing society, changing from rural values to urban values, from manual labor to mental labor, from scarcity to abundance, from provincial horizons to cosmopolitan horizons. Yet, as our society changes, the value of the individual is unchanging. Our trust must and does continue to rest upon the individual who envisions more, aspires to more, and who achieves more for all of us.
What America is to be, America will be, because of our trust in and of the individual and of his capacity for excellence. Only those who doubt the individual can be dubious of America's survival and success in this century of contest. This belief is mine. It was this conviction that led President Kennedy to the establishment of the [Presidential] Medal of Freedom as our highest civilian honor for outstanding individualscitizens who share an extra measure of individual excellence in the mainstream of our well-being and our advancement. On the talents of such citizens rests the future of our American civilization, for it is from the genius of the few that we enrich the greatness of the many.2
PRESIDENT LYNDON B. JOHNSON
Because President Kennedy was assassinated before he could present the Presidential Medals of Freedom that he had announced, President Johnson presented them at a White House ceremony on December 6, 1963. At that ceremony, President Johnson also made posthumous awards to His Holiness, Pope John XXIII and to former President John F. Kennedy. President Johnson later said that presenting these thirtythree awards was "one of my first and most rewarding acts"3 as president.
During the next five years, President Johnson made fiftysix more awards of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Commenting on recipients of the award, President Johnson stated that: These individuals add distinction to this high award. Each person we honor has previously honored his fellow man by setting for himself a standard of excellence only he was able to achieve. Collectively, they have made man's world safe, his physical body more durable, his mind broader, his leisure more delightful, his standard of living higher, and his dignity important. They are creators; we are the beneficiaries.4
PRESIDENT RICHARD M. NIXON
President Nixon observed that the power to determine who receives the Presidential Medal of Freedom is "one of those few discretionary powers that the United States President has in terms of honors."5 In making his twentyeight awards of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, he exercised that discretion by departing from the tradition that the award be given only in recognition of a lifetime of service or near the end of a long career marked by distinction; he presented some awards to American astronauts for their roles in singular, historic events. President Nixon also departed from the tradition that the award be bestowed only upon individuals when he made a group award to the Apollo 13 Mission Operations team.
President Nixon deviated from prior practices in awarding the Presidential Medal of Freedom because one of the most extraordinary achievements in human history took place during his administrationthe lunar landing by American astronauts. In response to this momentous event, President Nixon awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction to each of the astronauts involved in that mission. Just nine months later, another lunar mission, Apollo 13, encountered severe mechanical problems while in space. To honor the crew that guided the crippled spaceship back to earth, President Nixon presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom to each of the three Apollo 13 astronauts.
President Nixon also sought to recognize the actions of the entire National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in rescuing Apollo 13. He initially planned to do this by awarding the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Dr. Thomas O. Paine, NASA Administrator. However, Dr. Paine suggested that it would be more appropriate to award a Presidential Medal of Freedom to the mission's operations team. President Nixon took Dr. Paines's suggestion and presented a single Presidential Medal of Freedom to the Apollo 13 Mission Operations Team. This is the only time that the award has been conferred upon a group, rather than upon an individual. The awards to the astronauts and to the operations team are among the very few that have been made more for a specific achievement or event, than for lifetime or career accomplishment.
Even without considering the spectacular events surrounding the space-related awards, it is clear that President Nixon employed a certain "flair" in presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He presented awards to Lila and DeWitt Wallace, co-founders of Readers Digest, at a 50th birthday party for the magazine. He also presented awards to Eugene Ormandy and to "Duke" Ellington on their 70th birthdays. The pre-presentation ceremony dinner honoring "Duke" Ellington was held in the State Dining Room at the White House. Mr. Ellington's father had been a butler at the White House and had helped to serve state dinners in the very room in which his son was toasted by President Nixon prior to receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
PRESIDENT GERALD R. FORD
During his brief Presidency, Gerald R. Ford awarded twentyeight Presidential Medals of Freedom. He felt "very deeply privileged . . . to act on behalf of all Americans in presenting the medal,"6 and he felt that the privilege was "one of a President's most enjoyable duties."7
In remarks made during a presentation ceremony, President Ford noted that: The [Presidential] Medals of Freedom you are about to receive are the highest civilian honor that our country can bestow. Of course, excellence has its own reward, not only to those who strive for it but also to the free society which encourages it. You are men and women who have used that freedom to achieve extraordinary excellence. Your outstanding accomplishments have made our lives better and set stirring examples for others to follow.
As we move from the Bicentennial Year into our third century, America must remain a place where men and women are encouraged to create, to innovate, to explore, and to set the very highest standards, whatever their vocation.
Our country and all mankind will always need people like you whose energy, whose imagination reveal our country's greatest potential.8
PRESIDENT JIMMY CARTER
President Jimmy Carter awarded thirtyfour Presidential Medals of Freedom during his four years in the White House. In selecting recipients, he sought to honor "those noble achievers who are exemplary in every way, who reach a higher plateau of achievement, and whose recognition almost demands being consummated by [the President]."9
President Carter noted that: Past recipients have included our greatest composers, writers, scientists, performing and visual artists, religious and moral leaders of our time, appropriately covering the wide range of activities that a free people rightly consider to be invaluable contributions to the quality of our lives and to the peace and the cultural improvement of the lives of people everywhere. . . . Their widely differing styles and careers are united by just one thingtheir passionate commitment to their own convictions and the compatibility of their convictions with the enhancement of the quality of American life.
They have enriched our lives by broadening the scope of our vision and by deepening our understanding. They have, in their varying ways, aroused our rightful indignation at injustice and intolerance, at indifference and ignorance. They've made us look up to the birds in flight, down into the depths of the ocean, and inward to probe the cruelty and the comedy, the courage and the compassion of the human heart. The rest of us have not always come up to the high standards that they've set for us. But because of them, our Nation is a little more secure, a little less careless, a little more literate, a little more loving than we might otherwise have been.10
PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN
Ronald Reagan served as President of the United States for eight yearsthe longest tenure of any President since the Presidential Medal of Freedom was established in 1963. As such, it is not surprising that President Reagan has selected more persons to receive the award, eightysix, than has any other President.
President Reagan truly enjoyed presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He believed that presenting the award was "one of the greatest privileges and most distinct pleasures of [his] job, "11 as President. At one award ceremony he said "It's a wonderful day for you and your families and for Nancy and myself, and I was just thinking, sometimes it's fun to be President."12 At another presentation ceremony he said "I really have a great job. And one of the reasons this is such a great job is that I get to preside at wonderful occasions like this one."13 President Reagan so enjoyed being with Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients that he held a special White House luncheon just for them.
More than any other President, Ronald Reagan has left us with a wonderful collection of speeches on the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Though this is attributable in part to his long tenure in office, it is also attributable to his tremendous love for the award and his incredible speaking abilities. (He was hailed as "The Great Communicator.") President Reagan once stated that "the Medal of Freedom represents the reverence the American people have for liberty, and it honors the men and women who through their lives do greatest honor to that freedom."14 The following quotations from his speeches at presentation ceremonies reveal the reverence that Ronald Reagan had for the Presidential Medal of Freedomhis eloquence does great honor to its recipients.
While presiding at his first presentation ceremony, President Reagan said: The President's medal of freedom is the highest civilian honor that's given in the United States. What the Olympic Gold Medal is to athletes, what the Congressional Medal of Honor is to the military, the Presidential Medal of Freedom is to the private United States citizen. The names of those who have received this honor are stars in the American sky . . . . The list goes on through the most illustrious and prominent of our citizens.
And today we're adding the names of [six outstanding Americans to that list].
Now, let me tell you how these six recipients have strengthened our freedom by reading to you something that the historian Edward Gibbon wrote about ancient Athens, the first democracy and the fountainhead of Western culture. He wrote that when the Athenians finally wanted not to give to society but for society to give to them, when the freedom they wished for was freedom from responsibility, then Athens ceased to be free.
The recipients today have given greatly to our society in music, public service, and humanitarian activities. They've met their responsibilities to freedom. By giving of themselves and their energies, they've kept this society diverse, and in diversity there is liberty.
Perhaps this award is called the Medal of Freedom also because our Nation allowed these great Americans to pursue their interests unhindered. And when individuals are free to follow their hearts and talents, the common good benefits. America has given these honorees freedom, and they've discharged that responsibility with brilliant distinction.15 On another occasion, President Reagan observed that: This medal is given to those who have risen to pinnacles of achievement in their fields. It's a recognition of their accomplishments, hard work, and dedication for America and for humanity. The recipients of this award have touched all our lives with their contributions, strengthening the fabric of our society and improving the quality of our life.
The men and women that we honor today come from across our landsome, children of immigrants; some, immigrants themselves; many from humble beginnings. But they all share a quality that Carl Sandburg once summed up so well when he wrote, "Man is born with rainbows in his heart."
These men and women never lost sight of them, living out their dreams in their adult lives. We call their award "The Medal of Freedom," because only in a free society such as ours do we have the opportunity to climb as high and go as far as our dreams, talent, and energy will take us.
. . . .
With their talent and with the freedom of our way, the life that was given them to use it, by working and living among us, they've broadened and enriched freedom for us all. We're proud and grateful they're Americans.16
At a White House presentation ceremony on March 26, 1984, President Reagan told the recipients that: The Medal of Freedom is designed not to honor individuals for single acts of bravery, but instead, to acknowledge lifetime accomplishments that have changed the face and the soul of our country. The people we honor today are people who refused to take the easy way out, and the rest of us are better off for it. They're people who knew the risks and the overwhelming effort that could be required, but were undeterred from their goals. They are people who set standards for themselves and refused to compromise. And they're people who were not afraid to travel in unexplored territory.
By honoring them today, we, as a free people, are thanking them. Choices they made have enriched the lives of free men and women everywhere, and we're grateful.17 President Reagan awarded thirtyeight Presidential Medals of Freedom during his first term in office. In remarks made while presenting awards early in his second term, he said: Well, a couple of month ago an invitation for lunch at the White House was sent to some of the individuals gathered in this room today, an invitation that also notified them they were recipients of this country's highest civilian honor. But, . . . you see, the invitation really did not come from [Nancy and me] at all. It comes from an entire nation, from all of America.
For your achievements in diplomacy, entertainment, government, politics, learning, culture, and science, the American people honor you today. Each of you has achieved that hardest of all things to achieve in his lifesomething that will last and endure and take on life of its own.
My guess is that probably as long as this nation lasts, your descendants will speak with pride of the day you attended a White House ceremony and received this, the Medal of FreedomAmerica's highest civilian honor. And 50 years from now, a century from now, historians will know your names and your achievements. You've left humanity a legacy, and on behalf of the American people, Nancy and I want to congratulate you.
You know, one of our medal winners [Jimmy Stewart,] once made a film with Frank Capra about a man who took his own life for granted and was saddened by how little impact he seemed to have had on the world. But then a benevolent angel gave him the opportunity to see how different his hometown would have been had he not lived. And the man was astonished to discover how much good he had done without knowing ithow many people he had touched and how many lives he had made richer and happier.
Well, more than you'll ever know, this world would have been much poorer and a dimmer place without each of you. In a million countless ways you've inspired and uplifted your fellow men and women, and we want you never to forget that. And we are grateful to you for it, also.
It's a wonderful day for you and your families and for Nancy and myself, and I was just thinking, sometimes it's fun to be President. [Laughter]
But I'm about to present the medals, but I want each of you to know that it comes with the heartfelt thanks, the admiration and pride of the some 238 million Americans who couldn't be here for lunch, but are, believe me, here in spirit.18 Though he believed that the recipients' descendants would faithfully preserve the medals earned by their ancestors, on presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom to The Reverend Mother Teresa, he observed: this is the first time I've given the Medal of Freedom with the intuition that the recipient might take it home, melt it down and turn it into something that can be sold to help the poor.19
During a 1986 presentation ceremony, President Reagan told the recipients: We're here today to present the Medal of Freedom to seven Americans. This medal is the highest civilian honor our nation can bestow. And I've always thought it highly significant that we call it not the Medal of Talent or the Medal of Valor or the Medal of Courage or Genius but the Medal of Freedom. I think that says a lot about our values and what we honor and what we love.
Freedom is important to all of us. As someone who spent many years making speeches, I have quoted many definitions of freedomsome very moving and eloquent. But I've always liked George Orwell's blunt and unadorned statement. He said, "Freedom is the right to say no." There's something kind of happily rebellious about that definition, and I thought of it this morning because I decided this year's recipients of the Medal of Freedom are distinguished by this. You're a group of happy rebels. In your careers and in the way you have lived your lives, you've all said noa most emphatic noto mediocrity, to averageness, to timidity. You've said no to the rules of the game and the regulations of the day. You've said no to the conventional wisdom, no to the merely adequate, no to the limits and limitations on yourselves and others.
But it's probably true that there is little point to freedom unless it's accompanied by a big yes! And each of you has uttered a resounding Whitmanesque yes to many thingsto excellence and risk and reach, to courage and the untried and the supposedly impossible. You've rebelled against the artificial and embraced the authentic. You've achieved a great deal. And your creativity itself has been life-affirming, for creation is a profoundly faithful act, an act that says, "I trust in the future, and I trust in life itself."
You're all originals. You've all made America bettera better placeand you've made it seem a better place in the eyes of the people of the world. And this today is just our way of saying thanks.20 In addressing the last large group of individuals to whom he presented the award, Ronald Reagan stated: We're all here today to present the Medal of Freedom to eight remarkable Americans. It's the highest civilian honor this nation can bestow, and those who are so honored have spent much of their lives advancing the cause of freedom around the world.
Like those who have come before, today's recipients are artists and statesmen, philosophers and academics, and people of action and profound introspection. Your lives and careers testify to a central truth of humanity: It is better to give than to receive. You've all givengiven of your talent and your energy and your resourcesbecause you know that the only way to fight injustice and promote freedom is to speak a resounding "no" to the forces of international complacency and a resounding "yes" to those whose souls thirst after the cool waters of liberty.
What your example[s] . . . teach all of us is that fighting for what you believe in is not only good; it's fun. It's a pleasant experience to know you've done some good, maybe the most enjoyable experience we all have. You are all possessed of the good cheer and clear consciences of those who know they've done all they can for a cause they believe in.
The reward for good deeds does not only come in the hereafter, it comes every day in the knowledge that the world is maybe a little better because of the things you've done in your life. Well, we can't hope to top a feeling like that, but we do aim to add a little pleasure with the awards we give out today.21 On January 13, 1993, President Reagan was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction by President George Bush. President Bush observed that Ronald Reagan was "a man whose life embodie[d] freedom, who nurtured freedom as few Presidents ever have."22 At that time. only three Presidents had received the award and Ronald Reagan was the first President to receive it during his own lifetime. Upon receiving the award, President Reagan remarked: Thank you. Mr. President and Barbara [Bush], thank you so much for your kindness in recognizing me this way. From time to time I have been called the Great Communicator, but I'll tell you it's no easy thing to communicate what I feel right now.
Receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom is a great honor at any time, but it's especially meaningful for me to receive it from a friend and in the presence of people who have meant so much to Nancy and me over the years.23
PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH
President Bush experienced great pleasure in presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom to thirtysix "heroes who embody the achievement, vision, and dedication that is the greatness of this country."24 He believed that presenting the award to "some of our finest Americans,"25 was "one of the most distinguished duties of [the] office."26
When he presented the award to Gulf War heroes (Generals Schwarzkopf, Powell and Scowcroft, and Secretaries Baker and Cheney), President Bush departed from the custom of presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom only "for a lifetime of service or near the end of a long career marked by distinction."27 However, in doing so, just as President Nixon had done in presenting the award to American astronauts, President Bush further enhanced the stature of the award by adding to its list of recipients several great American heroes whose lives are certainly worthy of emulation.
In assessing the contributions of those to whom he had presented the award, President Bush stated that: these extraordinary individuals were pioneers in their own right, each a monument to individual achievement. . . .
. . . [They have] enriched our Nation, whether as leaders of popular movements, as friends of the common man, or as intellectual giants. Their achievement and dedication are unparalleled in America. And their standards of excellence are just as towering as their commitment to the ideal of freedom.28 At another presentation ceremony President Bush said: History honors those people who wrest the torch of freedom from the hands of their oppressors. But in America, that torch lies safely in the hands of the people. And the Presidential Medal of Freedom honors those who carry that torch. And our light of freedom is bright enough to light the world.
Today, every man on the street in Moscow realizes what Americans have always understood. It is human nature to be free. And just as nature abhors a vacuum, so does human nature abhor the absence of freedom. So today in essence, by awarding people from these various different pursuits, we celebrate the triumph for freedom, by recognizing these 10 American greats who have set an example for the world.. .
Today we reward your greatness with America's highest civilian honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom. And you will join the ranks of our Nation's greatest public servants, scholars, and entertainers.29
SPEECH EXCERPT SOURCES
1 Remarks of President Johnson and Under Secretary of State George W. Ball at the Presentation of the Medal of Freedom Awards, 1963 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, John F. Kennedy, 900 (December 6, 1963).
2 Remarks at the Presentation of the 1964 Presidential Medal of Freedom Awards, 196364 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Lyndon B. Johnson, 106366 (September 14, 1964).
3 Remarks at the Presentation of the Presidential Medal of Freedom Posthumously to Herbert H. Lehman, 196364 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Lyndon B. Johnson, 244 (January 28, 1964).
4 Statement by the President Upon Making Public the Names of the 1964 Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 196364 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Lyndon B. Johnson, 844 (July 4, 1964).
5 Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom to DeWitt and Lila Acheson Wallace, 1972 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Richard Nixon, 119 (January 28, 1972).
6 Remarks Upon Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Arthur Rubinstein, 197677 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Gerald R. Ford, 881 (April 1, 1976).
7 Remarks Upon Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 197677 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Gerald R. Ford, 2908 (January 10, 1977).
8 Remarks Upon Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 197677 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Gerald R. Ford, 2908 (January 10, 1977).
9 Presidential Medal of Freedom. Remarks on Presenting the Award to Dr. Jonas Salk and to Martin Luther King, Jr., 1977 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Jimmy Carter, 1228 (July 11, 1977).
10 Presidential Medal of Freedom; Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony, 198081 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Jimmy Carter, 105758 (June 9, 1980).
11 Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1983 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Ronald Reagan, 285 (February 23, 1983).
12 Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1985 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Ronald Reagan, 656 (May 23, 1985).
13 Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 198889 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Ronald Reagan, 1342 (October 17, 1988).
14 Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 198889 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Ronald Reagan, 1752 (January 19, 1989).
15 Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1981 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Ronald Reagan, 907 (October 9, 1981).
16 Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1983 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Ronald Reagan, 28586 (February 23, 1983).
17 Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1984 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Ronald Reagan, 41415 (March 26, 1984).
18 Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1985 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Ronald Reagan, 656 (May 23, 1985).
19 Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Mother Teresa, 1985 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Ronald Reagan, 802 (June 20, 1985).
20 Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1986 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Ronald Reagan, 583 (May 12, 1986).
21 Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 198889 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Ronald Reagan, 134243 (October 17, 1988).
22 Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom to President Ronald Reagan, 199293 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, George Bush, 224344 (January 13, 1993).
23 Remarks by the President in Presentation of the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Former President Ronald Reagan, Press Release, The White House Office of the Press Secretary (January 13, 1993).
24 Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1989 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, George Bush, 89192 (July 6, 1989).
25 Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 199293 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, George Bush, 2184 (December 11, 1992).
26 Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1989 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, George Bush, 891 (July 6, 1989).
27 Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medals of Freedom and Presidential Citizen's Medals, 1991 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, George Bush, 817 (July 3, 1991).
28 Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom Awards, 1991 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, George Bush, 1481 (November 18, 1991).
29 Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 199293 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, George Bush, 218485 (December 11, 1992).
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